Unlevered free cash flow: bridge EBITDA to cash
Reconcile EBITDA to unlevered free cash flow in one worked example, cross-check it with a tax-shield shortcut, and see how the levered figure differs.
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CAGR in Excel: calculate growth and catch the wrong period count
Calculate CAGR in Excel from a five-year revenue series, compare it with the average yearly growth rate, catch the off-by-one period count and convert an annual rate to monthly.
Enterprise value vs equity value: build the valuation bridge
Work out what each measure values, classify debt, cash and other claims, and bridge between enterprise value and a per-share equity value with checked answers.
Convert text to numbers in Excel without damaging identifiers
Diagnose a total that silently ignores text-stored amounts, convert the amount column with VALUE or Paste Special, and keep leading-zero account codes intact.
NPV in Excel: formula, worked example and initial investment
Use Excel's NPV formula with a worked cash-flow example. Put the initial investment outside NPV, check timing errors, and compare NPV with XNPV.
PMT in Excel: calculate and check a loan payment
Calculate a loan payment with Excel's PMT function, keep the sign and rate-period conventions straight, and reconcile every payment into interest and principal.